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ethereum

A collection of 7 issues

Bitcoin and Ethereum On-Chain Valuation Metrics: NVT Ratio, MVRV Z-Score, and Puell Multiple for Informed Trading Decisions

Introduction: Why On-Chain Metrics Matter Bitcoin and Ethereum dominate the cryptocurrency market, yet their prices often swing wildly beyond what traditional valuation models can justify. On-chain data offers traders an objective view of network activity that price charts alone cannot reveal. By examining metrics such as the Network Value to

Account Abstraction in Ethereum Wallets: Smart Contract Accounts, Gas Sponsorship Models, and Investment Security Implications

Introduction: Why Account Abstraction Matters As Ethereum marches toward mass adoption, the limitations of the current wallet model are becoming clear. Today most users interact with the network through Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs), which rely on the private-key + signature paradigm set in stone since the genesis block. EOAs are simple,

Ethereum Layer-2 Rollups: ZK vs Optimistic Designs, Transaction Cost Savings, and Long-Term Investment Outlook

Introduction Ethereum’s meteoric rise in decentralized finance, NFTs, and gaming has congested the mainnet, pushing gas fees beyond reach for everyday users. Layer-2 rollups now headline the scaling roadmap, aggregating transactions off-chain and writing compressed proofs on-chain. Two architectures dominate conversation: Optimistic rollups and Zero-Knowledge (ZK) rollups. Each promises

Elliptic Curve Cryptography in Bitcoin and Ethereum: Public-Private Keys, Digital Signatures, and Transaction Security Explained

Introduction: Why Elliptic Curve Cryptography Matters in Blockchain Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is the mathematical backbone that keeps Bitcoin, Ethereum, and many other blockchains secure. While the term may sound intimidating, understanding how ECC powers public-private key pairs, digital signatures, and transaction security can demystify everyday cryptocurrency operations. This article

Running a Bitcoin or Ethereum Full Node: Hardware Specs, Bandwidth Planning, and Privacy Benefits for Long-Term Holders

Why Long-Term Holders Should Consider Running a Full Node If you own Bitcoin or Ether for the long haul, operating your own full node is one of the most empowering steps you can take. A full node independently validates every transaction and block according to consensus rules, removing the need

Miner Extractable Value (MEV) Fundamentals: Front-Running Economics, Mitigation Strategies, and Investor Risk Signals

Introduction In the rapidly evolving world of decentralized finance (DeFi), Miner Extractable Value (MEV) has emerged as one of the most critical and controversial concepts. MEV represents the extra profits validators or miners can extract by reordering, including, or excluding transactions within a block. While MEV can incentivize network participants

Ethereum Token Standards Explained: ERC-20, ERC-721, ERC-1155, and ERC-4626 Use Cases and Investment Implications

Introduction Ethereum’s smart-contract flexibility has spawned a rich ecosystem of digital assets, from fungible utility tokens to one-of-a-kind collectibles and automated yield vaults. Underpinning this diversity are formalized token standards that outline how assets are created, transferred, and integrated with wallets, exchanges, and decentralized applications (dApps). Understanding these standards—