Value-at-Risk and Expected Shortfall Modeling for Cryptocurrency Portfolios: Stress Testing, Tail Risk Management, and Capital Allocation Best Practices
Introduction
The explosive growth of digital assets has created new opportunities and new risks for investors, trading desks, and treasury departments. Traditional risk metrics like Value-at-Risk (VaR) and Expected Shortfall (ES, also called Conditional VaR or CVaR) remain the cornerstone of market-risk measurement, but they must be adapted to the